What are the symptoms of metastatic melanoma?

Metastatic melanoma, also known as stage IV melanoma, occurs when melanoma cancer cells have spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. The symptoms of metastatic melanoma can vary depending on the location and extent of the metastasis. Common symptoms may include:

1. Swollen lymph nodes: If the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, they may become enlarged and tender to the touch.
2. Skin lumps or nodules: Melanoma that has spread to the skin may appear as new lumps or nodules that are firm, raised, and may be discolored.
3. Pain or discomfort: Metastatic melanoma can cause pain or discomfort in the affected area, especially if it has spread to the bones or other organs.
4. Neurological symptoms: If the cancer has spread to the brain or spinal cord, it may cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, weakness, or changes in vision.
5. Respiratory symptoms: If the cancer has spread to the lungs, it may cause symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain.
6. Digestive symptoms: If the cancer has spread to the liver or digestive tract, it may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea or constipation.
7. Fatigue: Metastatic cancer can cause fatigue and weakness, which may be severe and impact daily activities.
8. Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss may occur as a result of the cancer or its treatment.

It’s important to note that not everyone with metastatic melanoma will experience symptoms, especially in the early stages. Regular skin checks and monitoring by a healthcare provider are important for detecting and treating melanoma early, when it is most treatable. If you have been diagnosed with melanoma or are at risk, talk to your healthcare provider about recommended screenings and preventive measures.

What are the causes of metastatic melanoma?

Metastatic melanoma occurs when melanoma cancer cells from the primary tumor spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The exact causes of melanoma are not fully understood, but several factors are known to increase the risk of developing the disease and, consequently, the risk of it metastasizing:

1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation: Exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds is a major risk factor for melanoma. UV radiation can damage the DNA in skin cells, leading to the development of melanoma.
2. Skin type: People with fair skin, freckles, light hair, and light eyes are at higher risk of developing melanoma. This is because they have less melanin, which provides some protection against UV radiation.
3. Family history: Having a family history of melanoma or other skin cancers increases the risk of developing melanoma. Genetic factors may play a role in some cases.
4. Personal history: People who have had melanoma in the past are at increased risk of developing it again, including as metastatic melanoma.
5. Weakened immune system: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those who have undergone organ transplantation and are taking immunosuppressive medications, are at increased risk of developing melanoma.
6. Certain moles: Having a large number of moles or unusual moles (dysplastic nevi) increases the risk of melanoma.
7. Age: While melanoma can occur at any age, it is more common in older adults.
8. Gender: Melanoma is more common in men than in women.
9. Previous cancer treatment: Some cancer treatments, such as radiation therapy or certain chemotherapy drugs, can increase the risk of developing melanoma.
10. Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as arsenic, may increase the risk of melanoma.

It’s important to protect your skin from UV radiation, perform regular skin self-exams, and see a dermatologist for regular skin checks to detect melanoma early when it is most treatable. If you have risk factors for melanoma, talk to your healthcare provider about ways to reduce your risk and about recommended screening guidelines.

What is the treatment for metastatic melanoma?

The treatment for metastatic melanoma depends on several factors, including the location and extent of the metastasis, the overall health of the patient, and the specific characteristics of the cancer cells. Treatment options may include:

1. Surgery: Surgery may be used to remove the metastatic tumors if they are localized and can be safely removed. In some cases, surgery may also be used to relieve symptoms or reduce the size of tumors that cannot be completely removed.
2. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy drugs, such as checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., pembrolizumab, nivolumab) and targeted therapy drugs (e.g., ipilimumab, vemurafenib), can help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. These drugs have been shown to be effective in treating metastatic melanoma and can lead to long-lasting remission in some patients.
3. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy drugs, such as BRAF inhibitors (e.g., vemurafenib, dabrafenib) and MEK inhibitors (e.g., trametinib, cobimetinib), target specific genetic mutations present in some melanoma tumors. These drugs can help shrink tumors and slow the progression of the disease.
4. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in some cases to treat metastatic melanoma, but it is less commonly used than immunotherapy or targeted therapy. Chemotherapy drugs are typically reserved for cases where other treatments have not been effective.
5. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used to shrink tumors, relieve symptoms, or prevent tumors from spreading to certain areas of the body. It is often used in combination with other treatments.
6. Clinical trials: Participation in clinical trials may be an option for some patients with metastatic melanoma. Clinical trials test new treatments or combinations of treatments to determine their safety and effectiveness.

Treatment for metastatic melanoma is typically managed by a team of healthcare providers, including oncologists, surgeons, and other specialists. The goal of treatment is to control the cancer, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, and patients should discuss their options with their healthcare team to determine the best approach for their individual situation.

What are the survival rates for stage 4 melanoma?

The survival rates for stage 4 melanoma can vary widely depending on several factors, including the individual’s overall health, the specific characteristics of the cancer, and the treatments received. Generally, the survival rates for stage 4 melanoma are lower than for earlier stages of the disease.

According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for stage 4 melanoma that has spread to distant organs or lymph nodes is around 25% to 30%. This means that, on average, about 25% to 30% of people diagnosed with stage 4 melanoma will survive for at least 5 years after diagnosis. However, it’s important to note that survival rates are only estimates and can vary widely for individual cases.

Advances in treatments, such as targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and other emerging therapies, have improved outcomes for some people with stage 4 melanoma. Clinical trials and personalized treatment approaches may also offer options for improving outcomes. It’s important for individuals with stage 4 melanoma to discuss their specific situation with their healthcare team to understand their prognosis and treatment options.