What are the symptoms of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. The symptoms of NHL can vary depending on the type and stage of the cancer, but they may include:

1. Swollen lymph nodes: The most common symptom of NHL is swollen lymph nodes, which may be painless and can occur in the neck, armpits, or groin.
2. Fatigue: Unexplained fatigue or tiredness that does not improve with rest.
3. Fever: Fever that is persistent or recurrent without an obvious cause.
4. Night sweats: Profuse sweating, particularly at night, that may soak through clothing.
5. Weight loss: Unexplained and significant weight loss over a short period of time.
6. Loss of appetite: A decreased appetite or feeling full after eating only a small amount.
7. Abdominal pain or swelling: Pain or swelling in the abdomen, which may be caused by enlarged lymph nodes or an enlarged spleen.
8. Chest pain or cough: Symptoms such as chest pain, coughing, or difficulty breathing, which may occur if NHL affects the chest or lungs.
9. Skin rash or itching: Some people with NHL may develop a rash or experience itching, particularly if the cancer involves the skin.
10. Neurological symptoms: In rare cases, NHL can cause neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, or changes in mental status.

It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other, less serious conditions. However, if you experience any persistent or unexplained symptoms, it’s important to see a healthcare provider for a proper evaluation and diagnosis.

What are the causes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

The exact cause of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is not well understood, but several factors may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer. These risk factors include:

1. Weakened Immune System: People with a weakened immune system, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those who have undergone organ transplantation and are taking immunosuppressive medications, have an increased risk of NHL.
2. Age: NHL is more common in older adults, with the risk increasing with age.
3. Gender: Men are slightly more likely than women to develop NHL.
4. Chemical Exposure: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as pesticides, solvents, and fertilizers, may increase the risk of NHL.
5. Radiation Exposure: Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as that used in radiation therapy for cancer, may increase the risk of NHL.
6. Certain Infections: Infections with certain viruses and bacteria, such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), have been linked to an increased risk of NHL.
7. Autoimmune Diseases: Certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren’s syndrome, may increase the risk of NHL.
8. Family History: Having a family history of NHL or certain other cancers may increase the risk of developing NHL.
9. Certain Genetic Factors: Some genetic factors may play a role in the development of NHL, although the specific genes involved are not yet fully understood.

It’s important to note that having one or more risk factors does not mean that a person will develop NHL, and many people with NHL do not have any known risk factors. Additionally, NHL is not contagious and cannot be spread from person to person.

What is the treatment for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

The treatment for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) depends on several factors, including the type of NHL, its stage, and the person’s overall health. Treatment options may include:

1. Watchful Waiting: For some slow-growing NHLs that are not causing symptoms, a healthcare provider may recommend regular monitoring without immediate treatment.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells and is often used as a first-line treatment for NHL. It may be used alone or in combination with other treatments.
3. Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to target and kill cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
4. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy uses medications that help the body’s immune system to identify and attack cancer cells. This may include monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, or CAR-T cell therapy.
5. Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy uses drugs that target specific abnormalities within cancer cells, such as gene mutations or proteins, to kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells.
6. Stem Cell Transplant: In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
7. Surgery: Surgery is not typically used as a primary treatment for NHL, but it may be used to remove a lymph node or other tissue for diagnostic purposes or to relieve symptoms.
8. Clinical Trials: Clinical trials may be available for people with NHL to test new treatments or treatment combinations.

The choice of treatment depends on the specific type and stage of NHL, as well as individual factors such as age, overall health, and personal preferences. A healthcare provider will work with the patient to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to their needs and provides the best chance of remission and long-term survival.