What are the symptoms of Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a rare but serious disorder that affects the skin and mucous membranes. It is considered a medical emergency and typically requires hospitalization.

Symptoms of Stevens-Johnson syndrome can include:

1. Skin Rash: The first sign of SJS is often a red or purple rash that spreads quickly and may involve the face, trunk, arms, and legs. The rash may be flat or raised and may blister.
2. Blisters: Blisters may form on the skin and mucous membranes, including the mouth, nose, eyes, and genitals.
3. Painful Skin: The skin affected by SJS may be painful or tender to the touch.
4. Facial Swelling: Swelling of the face, particularly around the eyes and lips, may occur.
5. Mucous Membrane Involvement: SJS can affect the mucous membranes lining the mouth, throat, eyes, and genitals, leading to symptoms such as mouth sores, throat pain, red eyes, and genital ulcers.
6. Flu-like Symptoms: Some people with SJS may experience symptoms similar to the flu, such as fever, sore throat, cough, and body aches.
7. Skin Shedding: In severe cases, the top layer of skin may shed (slough off), leaving raw, exposed areas that can be painful and increase the risk of infection.
8. Other Symptoms: Other symptoms of SJS can include fatigue, headache, and a general feeling of illness (malaise).

SJS is often triggered by a reaction to medications, particularly antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and anticonvulsants. It can also be caused by infections, vaccinations, and other factors. If you suspect you or someone else may have Stevens-Johnson syndrome, seek medical attention immediately. Treatment typically involves stopping the causative medication, supportive care, and sometimes immunosuppressive therapy.

What are the causes of Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is most often caused by a severe allergic reaction to medications. Some medications that have been associated with SJS include:

1. Antibiotics, such as penicillins, sulfonamides, and cephalosporins
2. Anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, and lamotrigine
3. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen
4. Allopurinol, used to treat gout
5. Nevirapine, used to treat HIV/AIDS

In addition to medications, other factors that can contribute to the development of SJS include:

1. Viral or bacterial infections, such as herpes simplex or mycoplasma pneumonia
2. Vaccinations, particularly the influenza vaccine
3. Genetic predisposition, as certain genetic factors may increase the risk of developing SJS in response to certain medications or infections

It’s important to note that while certain medications and factors are associated with an increased risk of SJS, the condition is rare and not everyone who takes these medications or is exposed to these factors will develop SJS. If you have concerns about your risk of developing SJS, talk to your healthcare provider.

What is the treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. Treatment for SJS typically involves stopping the causative medication, supportive care, and sometimes immunosuppressive therapy. Here are some key aspects of treatment for SJS:

1. Discontinue Causative Medication: The first step in treating SJS is to identify and discontinue the medication or other trigger that caused the reaction.
2. Hospitalization: Most cases of SJS require hospitalization, often in a burn unit or intensive care unit (ICU), due to the severe nature of the condition.
3. Supportive Care: Supportive care is aimed at managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include:

• Pain management: Medications such as acetaminophen or opioids may be used to manage pain.
• Fluid replacement: Intravenous (IV) fluids may be given to prevent dehydration.
• Nutrition: A balanced diet or nutritional supplements may be provided to support healing.
• Eye care: Lubricating eye drops or ointments may be used to prevent eye complications.

1. Wound Care: Careful wound care is important to prevent infection and promote healing. This may involve keeping the skin clean and dry and applying dressings to affected areas.
2. Immunosuppressive Therapy: In some cases, corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications may be used to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the skin and mucous membranes. However, the use of these medications is controversial and must be carefully weighed against the risks.
3. Monitoring and Management of Complications: SJS can lead to serious complications, such as sepsis (blood infection), organ damage, and eye problems. Close monitoring and prompt treatment of complications are essential.
4. Long-Term Follow-Up: After recovery from SJS, long-term follow-up care is important to monitor for potential complications and ensure optimal recovery.

Treatment for SJS is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach involving dermatologists, intensivists, ophthalmologists, and other specialists. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and promote healing.